A large-scale clinical trial conducted across India has produced encouraging results for two TB vaccine candidates, renewing calls for a comprehensive, multi-pronged approach to fighting a disease that kills more people annually than any other infectious pathogen. The PreVenTB trial, run by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) across 18 sites and involving over 12,700 high-risk participants, found that vaccine VPM1002 showed roughly 50% efficacy against extrapulmonary TB — the harder-to-diagnose form affecting organs beyond the lungs — and over 64% efficacy in children aged 6–14 against all TB forms. Experts argue that India, which carries one of the world's heaviest TB burdens, cannot wait for a single perfect solution and must instead combine early detection, preventive therapy, targeted vaccination, and nutritional support to meet its goal of eliminating the disease.