The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), based in The Hague, has unanimously ruled that the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) — a long-standing water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan — remains fully in force, rejecting India's attempt to unilaterally suspend it following a military escalation between the two countries in May 2025. The court also ordered India to halt construction on key sections of the Ratle Hydroelectric Plant (RHEP) in Indian-administered Kashmir until 90 days after a separate World Bank-appointed neutral expert issues a final ruling, expected in July 2027. India rejected the verdict outright, calling the tribunal illegitimate and saying it had no jurisdiction over its sovereign decisions, while Pakistan welcomed the ruling as a vindication of its position that the treaty could not be suspended without mutual agreement.