Three years after Sudan's civil war erupted on 15 April 2023 — when the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) attacked Khartoum and clashed with the national army — the capital remains a landscape of scorched buildings, rubble-strewn streets, and gutted markets. The army retook Khartoum in March 2025, and 1.3 million displaced residents have since returned, but the scale of destruction is staggering: confirmed death tolls range from 54,000 according to UN figures to over 400,000 by US estimates, while more than 11 million people remain internally displaced in what the UN calls the world's largest humanitarian crisis. A donor conference in Berlin this week pledged €1.5 billion to address the catastrophe, yet the 2026 humanitarian response plan has received barely 15% of the funding it requires, leaving millions reliant on aid that falls critically short of need.