An Amsterdam appeals court has ruled that Temper, a Dutch online platform where workers sign up for short-term shifts in sectors such as hospitality, operates as a labour dispatch agency rather than a marketplace for independent contractors. The decision overturns an earlier ruling and vindicates trade unions FNV and CNV (two of the Netherlands' largest labour federations), which had argued that Temper's model amounted to bogus self-employment. The ruling could expose Temper to wage claims including unpaid holiday allowances and leave days; the company called the verdict a surprise, disputed it, and is considering an appeal to the Supreme Court.