Despite widespread political debate framing international students as a driver of Australia's population boom, new analysis suggests their actual physical presence in the country is slightly below pre-pandemic levels. The discrepancy arises from how Australia's net overseas migration statistics are calculated: the measure tracks the visa type held at the time of arrival or departure, meaning students who later switch to skilled worker or graduate visas continue to be counted as part of the "student" migration tally rather than being reclassified. The Australian federal government has nonetheless moved to tighten international student numbers, most recently freezing new enrolments at 295,000 for 2027 and raising student visa fees by A$500 to A$2,500, amid broader political pressure to demonstrate control over immigration.