Dutch MP Pepijn van Houwelingen of Forum voor Democratie (a Dutch right-wing populist party) has been convicted on appeal by the Court of Appeal in The Hague for insulting two former government ministers. In 2023, he shared a doctored image on X making it appear that ministers Ernst Kuipers and Carola van Gennip were raising a Nazi flag, which the court described as an "unfounded personal attack" that damaged their reputations rather than a fact-based contribution to public debate. The court upgraded his penalty from a suspended fine to an unconditional €450 fine, citing the wide reach of the post on X and Van Houwelingen's failure to show any remorse throughout the proceedings.