A study in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, led by Grace Wetzel and based on imagined heterosexual-couple scenarios, found that women who repeatedly fail to reach orgasm may come to value it less, and that men tend to downplay a partner's orgasm when it is repeatedly absent. Researchers say this adjustment may cushion disappointment in the short term but help sustain the long-running "orgasm gap", documented in surveys such as one of 24,752 single adults, in which men reported climaxing in 70–85% of encounters versus 46–58% for women. Spanish sex therapists quoted by El País say open, guilt-free communication matters more than chasing climax as a goal, and that satisfaction should be judged by shared emotional experience as well.