Spain's public prosecutor has opened an investigation into CAF (Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles), a railway manufacturer headquartered in Beasain in the Basque Country, following a complaint filed by pro-Palestinian and human rights organisations accusing the company of helping consolidate Israel's illegal annexation of occupied territory. CAF has been involved since 2019 in the Jerusalem Light Rail project, worth around $1.8 billion, supplying and renovating trams, extending lines, and operating the network under contracts of up to 25 years — infrastructure that critics say links Israeli settlements to East Jerusalem and deepens the fragmentation of Palestinian neighbourhoods. CAF denies wrongdoing, arguing its role is purely technical and serves all communities including Palestinians, but the company was added to a United Nations database of businesses linked to activities in occupied Palestinian territories in September 2024, and complainants are now pressing prosecutors to bring the case before Spain's Audiencia Nacional (the national court with jurisdiction over serious international crimes).