A new study by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) has found that only 2% of ever-married women in Pakistan own land alone or jointly, despite 67% of the country's employed women working in agriculture. The research highlights deep structural exclusion: just 1.5% of agricultural households are formally recorded as female-headed, 97.2% of women have not inherited land or property, and in Sindh, 99.1% of women own no land at all. The findings take on added urgency as climate shocks intensify — more than 90% of women farmers surveyed reported experiencing an extreme weather event in the past five years, with over 80% suffering crop losses, yet formal financial systems, built around land ownership and digital access, continue to leave them largely unserved.